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This is a tutorial to know a little P2P (Peer to Peer)

I do not understand! What is P2P (Peer to Peer)?
P2P is an acronym for a type of connection that develops between two computers directly. In general, using almost any service to send information to another (for example, MSN Messenger), in fact you do is connect to the server and say "I want to talk to foo", then the server makes you a translator (everything you write goes through the server and then re pepe-submitted).

P2P On the contrary, you directly, so you're only limited by the speed of your machine and the other, without intermediaries (and more private)

Well, yes, all very nice but .. And the songs?
For starters, you have to understand that there are different kinds of ways to share (and get) files, songs, movies and books.
Each system has its pros and cons, we will analyze each of them, so you'll be able to decide which one to use on each occasion. EMule

:
This program is characterized as open source so anyone can modify and create their own version, is quite stable despite the continued absence of 1.0, revolutionized the world of P2P when it came out, almost completely replacing the obsolete network Kazaa. Bittorrent

:
This program is fairly new, but it took by assault on P2P networks for quality, stability and speed.

How the
eMule eMule is a peculiarity in the way of sharing files, on one hand the idea is to give priority to those who share, that is, the more you give, the more you give to you. Therefore a person who leaves open all day eMule file sharing you have that down, will see their downloads work faster than those who never shares anything and only use eMule to download things. For that eMule uses a credit system, so if you change your machine and reinstall everything, losing the credits (you are warned).

a clarification, the points that you got to share, only given to each client, or by more than a bobby you have given three gigabytes of information, Somebody's niece does not mind going to have to start again .

The manner of functioning of eMule is connected to a server, which provides you with people connected to the one with the file you want, when you search you will bring back what people have connected to that server. There is also a way to search all servers that have, and so find more sources.

How the bittorrent
Unlike eMule, bittorrent does not use a credit system, nor is there any way to find the files you have another person connected, but like him, also depends on a server so that you indicate to whom to connect.
The servers that you connect to get sources are called trackers, some private trackers have a own credit system you can limit downloads, tene in mind when something low because if you download a private tracker you can even lose the entire file.

On the other hand, your download speed depends on your upload speed, so if you share a 1Kbps, you will receive a maximum 8Kbps. Differences


One of the biggest differences between emule and bittorrent is exactly that, while in a directory you can find what files are available on bittorrent depends on having the "seed" or original file that tells you which server connect to find the file.

And what is better?
There is a system that is better than another for all cases, usually the advantage over other eMule is its integrated search allows you to find that certain someone who has what you're looking for, but often you can spend do not download it fast enough and have to search again. Instead on bittorrent, but has less variety, in most cases you will have a higher rate of entry, is made to be as similar as possible to a direct download (as if the come down directly from the browser).

do I do?
Next time we will see the two best-known programs download, uTorrent and eMule.

Links:
eMule Official Site Official Site
uTorrent

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The Dunbar number (the 150)

The number 150 has a special feature, according to anthropologist Robin Dunbar, this is the number of individuals that a person can maintain a relationship stable.


Robin Dunbar

Dunbar theorizes that this value is related to the size of the neocortex. This related, according to him, with the ability to process this. Source


primatologists (those who study the behavior of primates) in their research, they noted that since to their highly social nature, non-human primates have to maintain personal contact with other members of their social group.
The number of group members a primate can still appears to be limited by the volume of the neocortex. This suggests that there is an index of social group size depending on the species, distinguishable by the volume of the neocortex.

In 1992, Dunbar used the correlation observed in nonhuman primates to predict the size of human social group. Dunbar predicted a group size of 147.8 (usually represented as 150), a result which Dunbar not consider accurate.


The mysterious number 150
Dunbar
compare this prediction with observable group of humans. Beginning with the assumption that the human neocortex development around 250,000 years ago, looked into the anthropological and ethnographic literature for a kind of census sizes of social groups in nomadic societies. Dunbar noted that the groups fell into three categories, 30-50, 100-200, and 500-2500 individuals.

Dunbar's research on the sizes of tribes and villages also appeared to approximate this predicted value, including 150 as the estimated size of a village farmer from the Neolithic era, 150 as the turning point and separation the Hutterite, 200 as the maximum number of scholars in the sub-specialization in a discipline; 150 as the basic size of a professional military unit in ancient Rome and in modern times since the 16th century. Dunbar

theorize that a group with a size of 150 people should have a high incentive to stay together. For a group this size holds that cohesion, Dunbar speculated that at least 42% of the time the group had to be devoted to socialization.


beautiful monkeys

Correspondingly, only groups under intense pressure to survive, as towns subsistence, nomadic tribes and military groups could, on average, reach the number of 150 members. What's more, Dunbar noticed that such groups are almost always physically close, this would be so because of proximity, as a dispersed group would have fewer ties, to meet less often. Therefore the 150-member groups only occur due to an absolute necessity, for example, an aggressive economic pressure. Dunbar

also suggests that language may have created as an easy way to socialize, since without language humans have had to occupy almost half of their time socializing, which would have made any effort at cooperation production was almost impossible. Language may have allowed societies to remain cohesive, reducing the need for physical and social intimacy.

The Dunbar number then became a topic of interest within anthropology, sociology, statistics and business administration. Like many theoretical values, usually abuse it like a magic number. References


The Dunbar number (English wikipedia)

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IMified, or have alarms on the messenger



IMified is a new and very unique service, the idea is to integrate different services, such as a list tasks, alarms, notes, calendar, etc, within your messaging client (such as MSN Messenger, GTalk, AIM, Yahoo Messenger, etc)

this newly launched service but it has several interesting modules, I'm still testing so I can not speak of them all, but there are three modules that if I can talk and are the most I was hoping that somehow make simplified appearance like this ...

IMified The idea is to simplify your life, considering that most of us are glued to the messenger most of the time we're online (eg, GMail has an integrated messaging client), so having to reach one click an alarm or a task list, or a way to add notes, or creating an article for your blog is very useful.

great, I want to start NOW
Let's see how do to create an account IMified.

You just have to add customer IMified corresponding, for example if you got GMail (and GTalk), only you have to add the contact imified@gmail.com . If you got MSN Messenger, add the contact imified@imified.com .


Once you add the contact and you see online, only you have to send any message, so that you create an account.


Here I am creating GMail account


Yes, yes, this in English, but that is Mr. Wally!
commands IMified most common are:
M om: shows you the main menu


And how do I use?
Once you created the account (adding to the corresponding contact and write anything and get the message that this above) and you got preinstalled standard IMified three services:


This module allows you to add notes and then watch them, is useful to write something quickly and then to review it, to add a note, you write 1 (enter) 1 (enter) and then the text you want to add.
To view a note you write 1 (enter) 2 (enter) you can see the notes that you got


Reminders is in Castilian, reminders, this module allows you to add alarms to alert you by messenger something in particular, help is all in English but is really very simple to use.
To create an alarm, I wrote 2 (enter), 1 (enter), I wrote what you want to appear as a text for the reminder and then wrote the date, you got several options (in any case is being re-written at the time of this tutorial)

• 02/21/07 10am (on February 21, 2007 at 10 am) at 15:30
  
• (Today at 3 and a half)
  
• in 2 hours (within two hours)
  
• in 10 min (in 10 minutes)
  

All in Castilian is task is actually "done." This module allows you to add tasks to do, which you can view and clear, yet have added dates or maturities, but it is very likely that complete functionality included.
To add a task, simply type 3 (enter), 1 (enter), then the name of the task. Shortcuts


One IMified features is the ability to create "shortcuts" (shortcuts), for example, instead of having to write 3, 1 and the name of the task, you can create a shortcut for creation of a task, in my case, create the shortcut "everything."
Then just write "all" and asks you want to create task.
you can also write "any task that I do" and create the task directly.




To add a shortcut, you just have to write 4 (enter) and you will see a list of things you can do by clicking on each one of these links, you will open your browser configuration section of IMified.





Account Settings Account Settings, here you can put your name and email, simply as a method of identification (not yet I have no use)

Add
/ Edit Services
Add / edit services, service modules can say, for example the whole, the notes, the reminders, also the blogger, movable type, the google calendar, and so ...
At the time of this tutorial, with the newly launched service, there are already several interesting services ...



To add a service, you have to simply click on the icon and complete the data to ask you, remember that this service goes out recently so it is very likely that he is continuously adding more things .


Create / Edit Shortcuts
Create or edit shortcuts, shortcuts are very useful to quickly create entries in the modules that best use, for example, I think shortcut to create an alarm alarm quickly.
Then in the Shortcut field put the shortcut name (no spaces) this word will be have to write to activate. In the field
Service select the module or service you want to add the shortcut. In the field
Action, you'll have to choose which action to take when you activate the shortcut, in the case of this picture is selected VIEW, SEE will cause alarm, the alarm type.




Terminal
Well this was all for now, but I am going to continue detailing each of the modules to be adding, actually the service has great potential and is very easy to use!

Links:
IMified

GMail MSN Messenger

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The Science of Word Recognition - Part 3

by Kevin Larson
translated by Juan Jose (Wally)

Leo at Microsoft Research a paper on how people recognize read the words as these ...

Editor's Note:
Before, I would like to clarify that this translation is very free compared to the original paper does not intend to overwhelm you with pages and pages on the subject, but rather give you an idea of \u200b\u200bhow humans have the read, the different models of recognition and some other data more. Therefore I recommend that if you could read the original paper will be a lot more complete than this brief summary.


Several studies
movable window
This technique restricts the amount of text visible to a certain amount of numbers and letters around the fixation point, and replace the remaining letters with a ' , x '. The task of the reader is simply reading the page of text. It is also possible to do the reverse and just replace the letters of the point of fixation with the letter 'x', but this is very frustrating for the reader. If you replace only the first three letters on the right and left of the fixation point with an 'x', the read speed drops to 11 words per minute. Some studies like McConkie and Rayner (1975) examined how many letters are needed to replace about fixing point to provide a normal reading experience. In the table below is a sample of what you would see the lectro your were reading a text passage and is set at the second ' e' of experiment. If the reader is provided with three points beyond the point of fixation, it can not see the word experiment completely, and your reading speed will as slow as 207 words per minute. If the reader is provided with nine points beyond the point of fixation, this may see the word experiment completely, and part of the word WAS. With 9 letters, reading speed is reduced only moderately. If it provides the reader with up to 15 points beyond the point of fixation, the speed will be as fast as if it were not moving window (changes character x). Up to 15 points is a linear relationship between the number of letters available to the reader and reading speed.

Window Size	Prayer	Speed \u200b\u200bReading
3 letters	xxx xxxxxxxxx xx experimxxx An	207 ppm
9 letters	An experiment wax xxxxxxxxx xx	308 ppm
15 letters	An experiment WAS condxxxxx xx	340 ppm

linear relationship between the number of letters available in the window and reading speed.

Through this study we learn that our perception space is about 15 letters. This is interesting because the average step size is 7-9 letters, or about half of our space perception. This indicates that while readers are recognizing nearest words to the point of fixation (fovea), use additional information farthest this to guide reading. It is important to note that we only take the information from the floor to the right of the fixation point, not the left. In the case of the table above, when the reader's fixation point is in the second
and of experiment, removing the word An, reading speed is not impacted.
The moving window study demonstrates the importance of letters in reading, but not as the only important element. The word model is also expected that reading speed decreases as the information on the form of the word disappears. This model makes the prediction that reading improves significantly if always maintained form of words. This turns out to be false.

The following diagram shows the reading speed when there is only three letters. This is equivalent to the speed of reading when the word set is shown in full, despite the whole word has more letters available 0.7 on average. When the word set and the next word are fully available, the read speed is comparable to when it has 9 nine letters. The speed is also equivalent to when there are three words or 15 letters. This means that reading is not necessarily more rapid when subsequent words have completely, can achieve reading speeds similar when you have a few letters.

Window Size	Prayer	Speed \u200b\u200bReading
3 letters	An experimxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx	207 wpm
1 word (3.7 Lyrics )	An experiment xxx xxxxxxxxx xx	212 wpm
 	 	 
9 letras	An experiment wax xxxxxxxxx xx	308 wpm
two words (9.6 letters )	An experiment was xxxxxxxxx xx	309 wpm
;
15 letras	An experiment was condxxxxx xx	340 wpm
3 palabras (15.0 letras )	An experiment was conducted xx	339 wpm

Links:
Documento original (en ingles) en Microsoft Research